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Climate Report

The State of Europe’s Climate Investment, 2025 edition

With the second edition of our State of Europe’s Climate Investment report, we take stock of the development in investments supporting the climate transition in the EU27. The report assesses the real-economy annual investments needed to meet the 2030 targets set out in the Green Deal and Net Zero Industry Act for the energy, buildings, transport and clean tech manufacturing sectors. We track the actual investments in those sectors in the EU economy, highlight the deficits and analyse challenges to mobilise investments.

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Articles & studies
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  • 04/05/2017 Climate Brief
    How could financial actors manage their exposure to climate risks?
    Financial actors should integrate a forward-looking climate assessment into their procedures and models In order to manage climate-related issues in their portfolios, financial actors will need in the long run to incorporate a forward-looking analysis for alignment of their portfolios with a 2°C pathway into their risk management and investment decision-making processes. Such analysis would […]
  • 17/02/2017 Foreword of the week
    What do TCFD’s recommendations bring to the public debate on climate risks?
    The following article provides a synthesis of I4CE’s response to the consultation on the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure’s recommendations. Globally, I4CE endorses TCFD’s recommendations that represent an important step towards ensuring the integration of climate issues by the financial sector. Nevertheless, I4CE feels that the TCFD’s recommendations on metrics require further developments in […]
  • 21/12/2016 Foreword of the week
    Which price(s) for carbon ?
    On December 1st, 2016, Benoît Leguet concluded the “Défi Climat” session entitled “Which price(s) for carbon?”. Benoît’s speech was devoted to the social value of carbon, as defined in the Paris Agreement, and its links to the price(s) of carbon. In summary of this speech, consider the following four ideas that justify the need to […]
  • 15/12/2016 Special issues
    The implications of 2015 for Financing Climate-Consistent Development
    I4CE has just published an article in the Fall 2016 edition of La lettre de l’I-tésé n°29. The article discusses the international milestones marked 2015 as a seminal year with long-term implications for countries around the globe. From the adoption of the 2030 Development Agenda that comprises 17 Sustainable Development Goals to the Paris Climate Agreement, a […]
  • 14/12/2016 Special issues
    The Implications of 2015 for the Coming “Green Energy Revolution”: Low-Carbon, Climate-Resilient Development
    I4CE has published a chapter in the 2016 edition of Atlantic Currents: An Annual Report on Wider Atlantic Perspectives and Patterns A number of international milestones marked 2015 as a seminal year with long-term implications for countries bordering the Atlantic and around the globe. For the first time, both developing and developed countries have been called […]
  • 13/12/2016 Climate Brief
    COP22 in Marrakech: a push for accelerated action by 2018
    Adopted in 2015 at COP21, the Paris Agreement defines ambitious objectives to orient countries towards developing low-carbon and climate-resilient economies, shifting to a carbon-neutral global economy before the end of the century. It establishes a multilateral cooperation framework governed on the basis of both national and voluntary contributions of States and the initiatives of non-State actors. Yet, […]
  • 07/12/2016 Climate Report
    Landscape of climate finance in France, 2016 Edition
    The Landscape of climate finance is a comprehensive study of domestic financial flows in favor of climate and the broader energy transition in France. The study maps the flows supporting investments leading to greenhouse gas mitigation across the French economy. The principal objective of the study is to support public debate on the role and relevancy of […]
  • 07/12/2016 Foreword of the week
    Expert Meeting on Domestic Climate Finance co-organized with the European Environment Agency (EEA)
    On 25th October 2016 in Copenhagen, the European Environment Agency and I4CE – Institute for Climate Economics hosted an expert meeting convening experts on the tracking of domestic financial flows dedicated to climate action in Europe. The expert meeting brought together government representatives, research centers and civil society actors, with the aim of establishing how […]
  • 04/11/2016 Special issues
    Key figures on Climate, France and Worldwide – 2017 edition
    On the day of the commencement of the Paris Agreement, and on the brink of the 22nd Conference of the Parties on Climate Change (COP 22) which will be held in Marrakech from 7 to 18 November 2016, I4CE-Institute for Climate Economics and the French Ministry of Environment, Energy and the Sea are pleased to […]
  • 31/10/2016 Climate Brief
    Six lessons on carbon accounting for Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
    A stringent, but flexible, MRV system is pivotal to mitigating the risk of future carbon crediting mechanisms compromising the ambition of the Paris Agreement. Namely, demonstrating additionality of projects and setting stringent emissions reduction baselines serve as the main tools to safeguard environmental integrity of the mechanism, especially given the insufficient ambition of current NDCs […]
  • 07/10/2016 Special issues
    Panorama of explicit carbon prices
    In September 2016, I4CE updated its database on carbon pricing policies and published a panorama of explicit carbon pricing policies. This panorama presents an implementation timeline, a world map and a table that together, provide information on: the jurisdictions that have implemented or plan to implement explicit carbon pricing policies, the type of instrument chosen, […]
  • 26/09/2016 Climate Brief
    Climate Chance Summit: Carbon pricing – Mobilizing non-state actors on a global issue with local implications
    This Brief has been prepared for the High Level Dialogue on Carbon Pricing taking place at the global Climate Chance Summit for Non-state actors organised in Nantes, France from the 26th – 28th September 2016. Carbon pricing is a valuable economic tool which can help towards achieving the necessary emissions reductions to mitigate climate change. […]
  • 26/09/2016 Climate Report
    Internal carbon pricing – A growing corporate practice
    For the Global Climate Chance Summit, I4CE and EpE – Entreprises pour l’environnement, have come together to release a guidebook on internal carbon pricing. The publication outlines the concept of an internal carbon price, describes its various forms and also identifies benefits of adopting this policy. The publication is based on the experiences of companies […]
  • 05/07/2016 Special issues
    An independent Peer review of the study “Ex-post Investigation of Cost Pass-Through in the EU ETS: an analysis of six sectors”
    This I4CE report provides a peer review of the study “Ex-post Investigation of Cost Pass-Though in the EU ETS: an analysis of six sectors” produced by CE-Delft and Oeko Institut and published by the EU Commission in November 2015. In the discussion on the potential risk of carbon leakage related to the EU ETS and […]
  • 08/06/2016 Climate Brief
    Recycling carbon revenues: transforming costs into opportunities
    The World Bank estimates that in 2015 alone, $26 billion in government revenue has been generated through carbon pricing initiatives. These revenues can be used for many purposes – including achieving climate ambitions – that could yield economic and environmental gains. This potential gain is referred to as the ‘revenue recycling effect’. Revenue allocation decisions […]
  • 08/06/2016 Special issues
    Beyond transparency: unlocking the full potential of green bonds
    This report presents the latest study on the green bond market written by – Institute for Climate Economics with support by Credit Agricole CIB, EDF and Mirova. ‘Green’ or ‘climate’ bonds are a new asset class that has received increasing attention over the past few years as a financial instrument that may help overcome the […]
  • 28/04/2016 Carbon Trends
    Bringing road transport into the EU ETS: reasons of a false good idea
    Beginning of April 2016, the European Commission (EC) released its indicative roadmap on the decarbonisation of the transport sector. Within this roadmap, the EC refers to some studies showing that the inclusion of road fuels use in the EU ETS would not achieve significant greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions reductions in the transport sector. The EC […]
  • 13/04/2016 Climate Brief
    The Paris Agreement: a new international framework to facilitate the uptake of carbon pricing
    • Over the past few years, the implementation of domestic carbon pricing has been expanding at the national and sub-national level. • In contrast to the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement has adopted a hybrid approach calling on all Parties to determine their own contributions to mitigate climate change affording flexibility to countries in their […]
  • 18/12/2015 Climate Brief
    COP21 – a successful ‘end of the beginning
    The Paris Agreement provides a clear signal and a solid framework for climate action. Balanced and ambitious in its objectives – including full decarbonization of the global economy before the end of the century – it has all the conditions to encourage everyone to do more. In establishing a new international climate change regime, the […]
  • 02/12/2015 Special issues
    2004 – 2015: A decade of expertise on climate economics
    I4CE – the Institute for Climate Economics is an initiative of the Caisse des Dépôts, which continues to support us, and the Agence Française de Développement, which has joined this project, giving the Institute a strong international dimension. The two major French public financial institutions are thus joining forces to create a real think tank, […]

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